Thinking Activity on Mathew Arnold

                     
           Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet
and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. 
Matthew Arnold has been characterised as a sage writer, a type of writer who chastises and instructs the reader on contemporary social issues.

Que - 1 write about  one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in your times? 

Ans : Mathew Arnold discuss about good poetry in his essay. He says that " poetry is the criticism of life " . I like this idea which with he deal. It is also interesting. Usually poets are write about their experiences or there current situation in poetry. " criticism of life" means that profound application of ideas to life and poetry represented social, political and religion life. At present we find that generally poets are write about nature And also they connected with the truthfullness of poetry or beauty. 

       In other words we can say that philosophy and science are always presented truth with logic and proof. But poetry presentes reality of human being . Whenever poet feel some emotion he can write in a better way with good creative way. 

Que - 2 write about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date  and irrelevant in your time?

Ans : I am not agree with the idea of " Touch stone Mathod " which he discuss in his essay. Comparing the lines of the great poets with other poetry it is difficult. In this method talent of individual is not fairly judged and it also seems to neglect the beauty and uniqueness of an individual. It is not necessary to compare the work of an ancient writers with any other writers for passing judgement on their work.Because everyone has his/her own beauty, talent and uniqueness. Arnold's ideal poets are Homer and Sophocles in the ancient world but Chaucer, Dryden,Shelly and Pope fall short of the best because they lack high seriousness.It is not a fairway to judge the work of an art.What Homer and Sophocles wrote it might also be not relevant in today's time.By comparing the work of one with another it is not fairway to judge any writer's work.

Thank you....... 

Thinking activity on Aristotle

 

1. First of all creative writing means when you see something like flowers and you create your imagination about that flowers at that time we can say that this is creative writing. One of the most popular type of creative writing is storytelling and as we know that there are many elements of creative writing like characters development , plot development, dialogue etc. The best creative writers are William Shakespeare, leo Tolstoy, Edgar Allen poe etc. Plato is also known as creative writer. Plato believed that " truth of philosophy was more important than the pleasure of poetry". And yes i am agree with Plato’s Objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by crietive writers. As we know that according to him all art are imitative. So i have one novel in TY BA, "hairy ape" by eugene o'neill. In the novel, o 'neill represents the reality of society and this novel is about the negative effects of industrialisation. So that we can say that o' neill is great creative writer.
2. As we know that aristotalian thought holds that poetry is an imitation of what is possible in real life and that tragedy, by imitation of a serious action cast in dramatic form. I have one play which is based on aristotalian literary tradition that is " All my sons". In the play journeys the key contact of Catharsis through the intricate character of joe keller. Our tragic hero and his hubris flaw. And also the concept of hamartia At the end of the act one becomes pivotal in the role of experiencing catharsis . In the last there is a phone call from George, anne's brother. Chris tell joe the news of his engagement to anne. But joe is preoccupied with the phone call. He is afraid , George will want to open up his father's case again.
3. In my BA program i have studied novel "kim" by Rudyard kipling. It is followe the aristotalian rules of tragedy in few thimgs like, according to Aristotle the hero of the tragedy have belong to the upper class, and good looking,but in "kim" the hero or protagonist kim belongs to lawer class. He is the orphaned son of an irish soldier
4. In my BA program i have studied "ghashiram kotwal" by vijay Tendulkar. It is indeed a great tragedy. Protagonist or the central character is ghashiram a poor brahmin from kanuaj who had come to pune for better life. But here he faces humiliations and the city was ruled by nana who was full of lust. In the play ghashiram uses his own daughter lalita gauri as a bait. From here he started his journey as a kotwal. He has hamartia like ambition of power, revenge It follows the rules of aristotalian tragedy and in this play we have tragic hero who is not thoroughly bad or fully good.
5. Yes.... The plot of those tragedies followe necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle.

Thinking activity on Dryden's essay of dramatic poesy

About Dryden

     John Dryden was an English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who was made England's first Poet Laureate in 1668. He is seen as dominating the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden.

About his essay ' An Essay on Dramatic Poesy '

Criticism flourished in England during the restoration of Stuarts. An Essay of Dramatic Poesy deals with the views of major critics and the tastes of men and women of the time of Dryden. The work is in the form of semi-drama thus making abstract theories interesting. In the late 17th century, Shakespeare was severely criticised for his careless attitude towards the mixing of genres. It was Dryden who elevated Shakespeare to height for his natural genius.

The narrative of An Essay of Dramatic Poesy has four debaters among whom, Neander is the one who holds the views of Dryden. Unlike other characters, Neander does not diminish the arguments that are on contrary to his views. Though he himself favours modern drama, he does not blame others.

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play?

Yes, there is huge difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play.

• Defination of Tragedy has given by Aristotle

"A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language;..in dramatic rather than incidents arousing pity and fear, where with to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions"

•Defination of play has given by John Dryden

"Just and lively image of human nature representing its passions and humours,and the changes of fortune to which it is subject,for the delight and instruction of mankind"

Samuel Coleridge called Dryden father of criticism. In vidio we can find the major defference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play, according to Aristotle tragedy is an imitation of an action while Dryden says that play is lively image of human nature.Aristotle says that  pity and fear are used in tragedy to purify the emotions of mankind whereas Dryden says that passions and humour are used to delight and instruct. Aristotle's definition ended with ''catharsis" while Dryden's definition  ended with "delight".

2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the ancient and the modern? Please give reasons.

According to me both are equal valuable in literature. Because ancient is better in observation of nature and now a days modern is getting from new ideas and new way in literature. So I can't take side of any one.so I preferred both.

3) Do you think the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate ?

French playwright follow the Ancient and favour the unity of time and obsedve it very carefully . In  terms of unity of place they are equally sincere. In most of their plays, the entire action is limited to one place. And unity of action is even more obvious ; plays are never congested with sub plots as is the case with English plays.  In English plays the character relates to life and therefore, it is proper and reasonable that it should be also in the drama, but in French plays such narrations are more skilled than the Ancients. Dryden portrays the comparative merits and demerits of each in a clearer way . In this essay, as Neander, Dryden favours the violation of those three unities because it leads to the variety in the English plays and these unities  have a narrowing and crumpling effects on the French plays, which are often betrayed into absurdities from which the English plays are free. The violation of unities helps the English playwright to present a livelier image of human nature . In his comparison of English and French drama, Neander characterizes the best proofs of the Elizabethan playwrights.

4) What would be hour preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogue are concerned in the play?

 I prefer poetic dialogue than prosaic in play. Poetic may be rhyme verse or Blank verse also.  Poetic dialogues are help for judgement . Rhyme effects on emotions and feelings . Interpretation of poemcan be different. People can read poem with different points of view and different style. Blank verse is poetic prose and it is only fit for comedy. It means we find poetic prose in comedy and use of poetic language audience must get entertainment . 

Thank you............. 

Derozio's challenge to indian tradition with reference to the fakeer of jungheera

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Coleridge's view on poem ,prose and poetry

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Robinson Crusoe's journey

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Robinson Crusoe's journey

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cultural study two marginalized character

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Assignment of RajaRammohan roy's contribution in Indian Renaissance

Topic : Rajaram Mohan roy's Contribution in Indian renaissance. 

Name : Vaghela Divya d
Course :M. A (sem -1)
Batch :2018-20
Roll no :08
Email ID :vaghela.divya230@gmail.com
Enrollment no : 2069108420190044
Paper no :4 Indian writing in English


Rajaram Mohan Roy :

Born: August 14, 1774

Place of Birth: Radhanagar village, Hoogly district, Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal)

Parents: Ramakanta Roy (Father) and Tarini Devi (Mother)

Spouse: Uma Devi (3rd wife)

Children: Radhaprasad and Ramaprasad

Education: Persian and Urdu in Patna; Sanskrit in Varanasi; English in Kolkata

Movement: Bengal Renaissance

Religious Views: Hinduism (early life) and Brahmoism (later in life)

Publications: Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidinor A Gift to Monotheists (1905), Vedanta (1815), Ishopanishad (1816), Kathopanishad (1817), Moonduk Upanishad (1819), The Precepts of Jesus - Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820), Sambad Kaumudi - a Bengali newspaper (1821), Mirat-ul-Akbar - Persian journal (1822), Gaudiya Vyakaran (1826), Brahmapasona (1828), Brahmasangeet (1829) and The Universal Religion (1829).

Death: September 27, 1833

Place of death: Bristol, England

Memorial: Mausoleum at Arnos Vale Cemetery, Bristol, England

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered as the pioneer of modern Indian Renaissance for the remarkable reforms he brought in the 18th and 19th century India. Among his efforts, the abolition of the brutal and inhuman Sati Pratha was the most prominent. His efforts were also instrumental in eradicating the purdah system and child marriage. In 1828, Ram Mohan Roy formed the Brahmo Samaj, uniting the Bhramos in Calcutta, a group of people, who had no faith in idol-worship and were against the caste restrictions. The title 'Raja' was bestowed upon him by the Mughal emperor Akbar II, in 1831. Roy visited England as an ambassador of the Mughal King to ensure that Bentick's regulation banning the practice of Sati was not overturned. He died of meningitis in 1833 while residing in Bristol, England.
Though his father Ramakanto was very orthodox but wanted his son to pursue higher education. He got Bengali and Sanskrit education from the village school. After that, Ram Mohan was sent to Patna to study Persian and Arabic in a Madrasa. Persian and Arabic were in high demand at that time as it was still the court language of the Mughal Emperors. He studied the Quran and other Islamic scriptures. Post completion of his studies in Patna, he went to Benares (Kashi) to learn Sanskrit. He mastered the language in no time and began studying scriptures, including the Vedas and Upanishads. He learnt English language at the age of 22. He read the works of philosophers like Euclid and Aristotle which helped shape his spiritual and religious conscience.

Post completion of his education, Rammohan entered the services of the East India Company as a clerk. He worked in the Collectorate of Rangpur, under Mr. John Digby. He was eventually promoted to be a Dewan, a post that referred to a native officer entrusted with the role of collecting revenues.

Social Reforms

During the late 18th century (what was known as the Dark Age), the society in Bengal was burdened with a host of evil customs and regulations. Elaborate rituals and strict moral codes were enforced which were largely modified, and badly interpreted ancient traditions. Practices like child marriage (Gouridaan), polygamy and Sati were prevalent that affected women in the society. The most brutal among these customs was the Sati Pratha. The custom involved self-immolation of widows at their husband’s funeral pyre. While the custom in its original form gave choice to the women to do so, it gradually evolved to be a mandatory custom especially for Brahmin and higher caste families. Young girls were married to much older men, in return for dowry, so that these men could have the supposed karmic benefits from their wives’ sacrifice as Sati. More often than not the women did not volunteer for such brutality and had to be forced or even drugged to comply.

Religious Contributions

Ram Mohan Roy vehemently opposed the unnecessary ceremonialism and the idolatry advocate by priests. He had studied religious scriptures of different religions and advocated the fact that Hindu Scriptures like Upanishads upheld the concept of monotheism. This began his quest for a religious revolution to introduce the doctrines of ancient Vedic scriptures true to their essence. He founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1928, nd the first meeting of this new-found religion as held on August 20 that year. The Atmiya Sabha reorganised itself into the Brahma Sabha, a precursor organisation of the Brahmo Samaj. The primary facets of this new movement were monotheism, independence from the scriptures and renouncing the caste system. Brahmo religious practices were stripped bare of the Hindu ceremonialism and were set up following the Christian or Islamic prayer practices. With time, the Brahma Samaj became a strong progressive force to drive social reforms in Bengal, especially women education.

Contribution in Indian renaissance :

The central figure of this cultural awakening was Raja Rammohan Roy. Known as the “father of the Indian Renaissance”, Rammohan Roy was a great patriot, scholar and humanist. He was moved by deep love for the country and worked throughout his life for the social, religious, intellectual and political regeneration of the Indians.

The central figure of this cultural awakening was Raja Rammohan Roy. Known as the “father of the Indian Renaissance”, Rammohan Roy was a great patriot, scholar and humanist. He was moved by deep love for the country and worked throughout his life for the social, religious, intellectual and political regeneration of the Indians.Rammohan Roy was one of the earliest propagators of modern Western education. He looked upon it as a major instrument for the spread of modern ideas in the country. He was associated with the foundation the Hindu College in Calcutta (which later came to be known as the Presidency College). He also maintained at his own cost an English school in Calcutta. In addition, he established a Vedanta College where both Indian learning and Western social and physical science courses were offered.He sent petitions to the government to adopt a wider system of public education in English. He also recognised the importance of vernaculars for spreading new ideas. He compiled a Bengali grammar and developed an easy and modern style of Bengali prose.
Journalism:
Rammohan Roy was a pioneer of Indian journalism. He himself published journals in Bengali, Persian, Hindi and English to educate the public on various current issues. Samvad Kaumudi was the most important journal brought out by him.

Rammohan Roy and Internationalism:
Rammohan Roy was a firm believer in internationalism. He held that the suffering and happiness of one nation should affect the rest of the world. He took a keen interest in international events and always supported the cause of liberty and nationalism. He celebrated the success of the revolution in Spain in 1823 by hosting a public dinner.
Religious Reforms:
Rammohan Roy struggled persistently against social evils. He argued that ancient Hindu texts the Vedas and the Upanishads upheld the doctrine of monotheism. To prove his point, he translated the Vedas and five Upanishads into Bengali.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
In 1849 he wrote Gift to Monotheism in Persian. Rammohan Roy was a staunch believer in the philosophy of Vedanta (Upanishads) and vigorously defended the Hindu religion and Hindu philosophy from the attack of the missionaries. He only wanted to mould Hinduism into a new cast to suit the requirements of the age.

In 1829 Rammohan Roy founded a new religious society known as the Atmiya Sabha which later on came to be known as the Brahmo Samaj. This religious society was based on the twin pillars of rationalism and the philosophy of the Vedas. The Brahmo Samaj emphasised human dignity, criticised idolatry and denounced social evils like sati.

Rammohan Roy represented the first glimmerings of the rise of national consciousness in India. He opposed the rigidity of the caste system because it destroyed the unity of the country. The poet Rabindranath Tagore has rightly remarked: “Rammohan was the only person in his time, in the whole world of men, to realise completely the significance of the Modern Age.”
He preached the unity of God, made early  translations of Vedic scriptures into English, co-founded the Calcutta  Unitarian Society and founded the Brahma Samaj. The Brahma Samaj played a  major role in reforming and modernising the Indian society. He  successfully campaigned against sati, the practice of burning widows. He  sought to integrate Western culture with the best features of his own  country's traditions. He established a number of schools to popularize a  modern system of education in India. He promoted a rational, ethical,  non-authoritarian, this-worldly, and social-reform Hinduism. His  writings also sparked interest among British and American Unitarians.
The institution was aimed at fighting various social evils as Roy believed that only proper education could help bring in reforms. He set up many education institutions like the Hindu College in Calcutta in 1817, the Anglo-Hindu School in 1822 and Vedanta College.


Later in life, he also translated Vedic scriptures into English.

Roy is mainly remembered for his work towards getting the practice of sati abolished. But, as pointed by Free Press Journal, he only developed his opposition to the practice after he witnessed the immolation of his sister-in-law at his brother's funeral. It is said that the incident left such an impact on Roy's mind that he then began visiting crematoriums to see if women were being forced to commit sati.

Roy's many contributions to the Indian society continue to find their relevance even today.

Thank you......... 

Assignment of Terms : Three unities, Tragedy and chorus

Name : Divya d Vaghela
Course : M.A (Sem -1)
Batch -2018-20
Roll no -08
Email ID : Vaghela.divya230@gmail.com
Enrollment no :2069108420190044
Paper no : Literary theory &criticism
Topic : Terms 
         ~  Three unities 
          ~  Tragedy 
         ~   Chorus


 • So first at all I discuss here about Three unities of drama of Aristotle .

 • Aristotle has give this unity of drama which are :

       (1) unity of Time
       (2) unity of place
       (3) unity of action 

 In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, critics of the drama in Italy and France added to Aristotle's unity of action, which he describes in his Poetics, two other unities, to constitute one of the rules of drama known as " the three unities ". On the assumption that verisimilitude the achievement of an illusion of reality in the audience of a stage play requires that the action represented by a play approximate the actual condition of the staging of the play, they imposed the requirement of the " unity of place "(that the action represented be limited to a single location) and the requirement of the "unity of time " (that represented be limited to the two or three hours it takes to act the play, or at most to a single day of either twelve or twenty four hours).  In large part because of the potent example of Shakespeare, many of whose plays represent frequent changes of place and the passage of many years, the unities of place and time never dominated the English neoclassicism as they did criticism in Italy and France.A final blow was the famous attack against them, and against the principle of dramatic verisimilitude on which they were based in Samuel Johnson's "preface to Shakespeare " ( 1756) .since then in England, the unities of place and time (as distinguished from the unity of action )have been regarded as entirely optional devices, available to the playwright to achieve special effects of dramatic concentration .By contrast, the unities were of much less concern in Renaissance England. Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson often included two or more plots in a play, mixed comedy and tragedy, and freely switched settings. Jonson, unusually among these playwrights, referred to the unities in the prologue to his Volpone (first performed 1605/06).


 Unity of action  :  a play should have one action that it follows, with minimal subplots.

unity of time: the action in a play should occur over a period of no more than 24 hours.

unity of place: a play should exist in a single physical space and should not attempt to compress geography, nor should the stage represent more than one place.

Now, according to our definition, Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is complete, and whole, and of a certain magnitude[1] … As therefore, in the other imitative arts, the imitation is one when the object imitated is one, so the plot, being an imitation of an action, must imitate one action and that a whole, the structural union of the parts being such that, if any one of them is displaced or removed, the whole will be disjointed and disturbed. For a thing whose presence or absence makes no visible difference, is not an organic part of the whole.[2]Epic poetry agrees with Tragedy in so far as it is an imitation in verse of characters of a higher type. They differ, in that Epic poetry admits but one kind of metre, and is narrative in form. They differ, again, in their length: for Tragedy endeavours, as far as possible, to confine itself to a single revolution of the sun, or but slightly to exceed this limit; whereas the Epic action has no limits of time.[3]


[2] Tragedy :

Greek dramatist such as Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. In the subsequent two thousand years and more many new and artistically effective types of serious plots ending in a catastrophe have been developed  types that Aristotle had no way of foreseeing. The many attempts to stretch Aristotle's analysis to apply to later tragic forms serve merely to blur his critical categories and to obscure important differences among diverse types of plays, all of which have proved to be dramatically effective. When flexibility managed, however Aristotle's discussion apply in some part to many tragic plots and his analytic concepts serve as a suggestive starting point for identifying the difffferentiae of various non Aristotelian modes of tragic construction.
Aristotle defined tragedy as " the limitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude, complete in itself, " in the medium of poetic language and in the manner of dramatic rather than of narrative presentation, involving " Incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish the catharsis of such emotions. " precisely how to interpret Aristotle's catharsis which in Greek signifies " purgation" ,or " purification, " or both is much disputed. On two matters, however, a number of commentators agree. Aristotle in the first place sets out to account for the undeniable, though remarkable, fact that many tragic representation of suffering and defeat leave an audience feeling not depressed, but relieved, or even exalted.
Accordingly,Aristotle says that the tragic hero will most effectively Evoke both our pity and terror if he is neither thoroughly good not thoroughly bad but a mixture of both;  and also that this tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is " better than we are, " in the sense that he is of higher than ordinary moral worth. Such a man is exhibited as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of his mistaken choice of an action, to which he is led to by his hamartia  his " error of judgment " or as it is often though less literally translated his tragic flaw. The tragic hero, like Oedipus in Sophocles. Oedipus the king, moves us to pity because since he is not an evil man, his misfortune is greater than he deserves;  but he moves us also to fear, because we recognise similar possibilities of error in our own lesser and fallible selves.Aristotle grounds his analysis of " the very structure and incidents of the play " on the same principle, the plot, he says, which will most effectively evoke " tragic pity and fear " is one in which the events develop through complication to a catastrophe in which there occurs (often by anagnorisis or discovery of facts hitherio unknown to the hero)
Scenean tragedy was written to be recited rather than acted but to English playwrights, who thought that these tragedies had been intended for the stage, they provided the model for an organized five act play with a complex plot and an elabotely formal style of dialogue. Senecean drama in the Elizabethan Age, had two main lines of development. One of these consisted of academic tragedies written in close imitation of the Senecean model including the use of a chorus and usually constructed according to the rules of the three unities which had been elaborated by Italian critics of the sixteenth century.


[3] Chorus : 

Defination: In the ancient Greek theater, the chorus was a rowdy bunch. They were the peanut gallery that sang, danced, and made comments about the action on stage. They also gave you key information about stuff happening off stage—like battles and sea voyages.
Among the ancient Greek the chorus was a group of people wearing masks, who sang or chanted verses while performing dance like maneuvers at religious festivals. A similar chorus played a part in Greek tragedies, where they served mainly as commentators on the dramatic actions .Although the historical origins of Greek drama are unclear it may be said it had relevance to religion, art and to the love of expression and perceptive storytelling in general. The origins of the chorus in particular may have stemmed out of ancient rites and rituals with elements of song and dance, and most importantly – the gathering of people.

In order to understand the function of the chorus one must remember that at the origins of Greek drama there was only one actor; and even at later dates no more than three actors occupied the stage, each of whom may have played several roles. As there was this clear need to distract the audience while the actors went off-stage to change clothes and costumes, and perhaps prepare for their next role, the function of the chorus may have had more to do with practicality, than with artistic or philosophical considerations.Aside from the practical the chorus would have had numerous functions in providing a comprehensive and continuous artistic unit. Firstly, according to a view accepted by many scholars, the chorus would provide commentary on actions and events that were taking place before the audience. By doing this the chorus would create a deeper and more meaningful connection between the characters and the audience. Secondly, the chorus would allow the playwright to create a kind of literary complexity only achievable by a literary device controlling the atmosphere and expectations of the audience. Thirdly, the chorus would allow the playwright to prepare the audience for certain key moments in the storyline, build up momentum or slow down the tempo; he could underline certain elements and downplay others. Such usage of the choral structure-making functions may be observed throughout many classical plays but may be more obvious in some than in others.The chorus may have distinguished itself by an elaborate use of language or style, varying the voice of reason or that of emotion depending on occasion and the intention of the playwright. More importantly though, the chorus could have represented the prevalent views of the contemporary society holding up certain moral and cultural standards – much like the media does for modern people throughout their daily lives.

Thank you........... 

Assignment of female characters of Tom jones

Name : Divya d Vaghela
Course : M. A (sem -1)
Batch : 2018-20
Roll no :08
Enrollment no :2069108420190044
Email ID : Vaghela.divya230@gmail.com
Paper :2 The Neo-classical literature
Topic : female characters of Tom Jones
Submitted to : MKBU Department of English



Tom Jones by Henry fielding 

About Henry fielding :

Henry fielding was an English novelist and dramatist known for his rich, earthy humour and satirical prowess, and as the author of the picaresque novel Tom Jones. He born at 8th October 1754, Lisbon, Portugal.
Her education  : university of Leiden, Eton college
          Scottish writer sir Walter Scott called Henry fielding the " father of the English novel "..... Henry fielding was an 18th century English writer and magistrate who established the mechanisms of the modern novel through such works as tom Jones  writing career as a playwright  and editor of satirical publications,  he found his footing by penning Joseph Andrews and other parodies though later works such as Tom Jones, fielding earned acclaim for helping establish the foundation of the modern novel. He attended Eton college, where he studied classical authors and energed ready to tackle the literary world.  Fielding finished his first play in 1728, one of more than two dozen.                                         
he penned in the span of a decade. He then enrolled at the university of Leiden in Holland, but left to return to London in 1729.
Unable to find meaningful work, fielding began studying law at middle temple and became a barrister. In the meantime, he married Charlotte craddock and edited the champion ; or British mercury, a satirical political publication.

About  Novel : 

The History of Tom Jones, a foundling often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by English playwright and novelist Henry fielding. It is both a bildungsroman and a picaresque novel. It was first published on 28 February 1749 in London,  and is among the earliest English prose works to be classified as a novel. It is the earliest novel mentioned by w. Some rest maugham in his 1948 book great novelists and their novels among the ten best novels of the world. It totals 346,747 words divided into 18 smaller books, each prepared by a discursive chapter, often on topics unrelated to the book itself. It is dedicated to George Littleton. The novel is highly organized despite it's length, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's argued that it has one of the " three most perfect plots ever planned. It became a bestseller, with four editions being published in it's first year alone. Tom Jones is generally regarded as fielding's greatest book and as a very influential English novel.

List of characters :

1. Master Thomas Tom Jones
2. Miss sophia
3. Master William Blifil
4. Squire All worthy
5. Squire western
6. Miss Bridget Allworthy
7. Lady Bellaston
8. Mrs. Honour blackmore
9. Dr. Blifill
10. Captain John Blifil
11. Lawyer Dowling
12. Lord fellamar
13. Brain Fitzpatrick
14. Harriet Fitzpatrick
15. Miss Jenny Jones
16. Mrs. Miller
17. Miss Nancy Miller
18. Mr. Nightingale
19. Mr. Benjamin
20. Mrs. Partridge
21. Mr. George
22. Miss Molly
23. Mr. Thomas Square
24. Mr. Roger Thwackum
25. Miss western
26. Miss Deborah wilkins

Now I am going to talk about all female  characters :

[1] Miss Sophia western :

Daughter of Squire Western, Mrs. Sophia Western is the heroine of the novel. She is based upon Fielding's much-loved first wife, Charlotte Cradock.
Sophia is an intelligent and beautiful young woman - "Her mind was every way equal to her person; nay the latter borrowed some charms from the former"
Sophia is drawn to Tom's gentlemanly ways, though she believes him low-born. She is wilfful, as she shows when she runs away from the arranged marriage with Master Blifil, but also wants to make others happy.Sophia is the only one voting no on a match with Mr. Blifil: she tries to tell her dad that she wouldn't marry Mr. Blifil if he were the last man on earth. But Squire Western does not take this news at all well, and he locks Sophia in her room until she agrees to marry Mr. Blifil—he's not going to win Father of The Year any time soon.

[2] Miss Bridget Allworthy :

Sister of Squire Allworthy, she is unmarried at the beginning of the story, but becomes Mrs. Blifil when she marries Captain Blifil. She is an unattractive woman alleged to have been immortalized by Hogarth in his sketch "Winter's Morning." Bridget is the mother of Master Blifil and, after her death, is revealed to be Tom Jones's mother.Squire Allworthy's fortune makes his sister Bridget very attractive to guys who want to get rich quick. Since the squire is a widower and has no intention of remarrying, Bridget and any children she might have will inherit Squire Allworthy's crazy amounts of land when he dies. One of these gold-digging dudes is Captain Blifil, who sets out to woo and marry Bridget ASAP.Tom's real mother was Bridget Allworthy, the squire's sister, who slept with a young friend of Squire Allworthy's named Mr. Summer. When Squire Allworthy traveled to London all those many years ago, Bridget paid Jenny Jones and her mother to help cover up her pregnancy. Bridget had always meant to tell Squire Allworthy the truth, but then Squire Allworthy took to Tom right away without even knowing Tom's real parentage. So Bridget started thinking it was not urgent for her to tell her brother the details of her shame—after all, he would take care of Tom either way.

[3] Lady Bellaston

London-based lady whom Sophia turns to when she flees her home. Lady Bellaston falls for Tom herself, and tries to keep him and Sophia apart. A vicious flirt, and entirely cruel.Lady Bellaston may act like she is fine with the ongoing Tom-Sophia drama, but secretly she wants to get Sophia out of her way. Lady Bellaston knows that there is a wealthy nobleman, Lord Fellamar, who is extremelyinterested in Sophia. So she pulls Lord Fellamar aside and recommends to him that the only way that Lord Fellamar will be able to get Sophia to marry him is by raping her first. If he forces himself on Sophia, she will have to marry him.

[4] Mrs. Honour black more :

Sophia's loyal servant. Honour loves her mistress and organizes her own dismissal to stay with her lady. She is sometimes indiscreet but is well meaning. She sometimes affects air and graces to seem above her station. Ultimately ends up working for Lady Bellaston. Goes by Mrs. Abigal Honour.

[5] Miss Jenny Jones :

A bright young woman, Jenny is "as good a scholar as most of the young men of quality of the age." Jenny Jones is initially believed to be Tom Jones' mother. She is in the employ of the Partridges and is dismissed by the jealous Mrs. Partridge. Squire Allworthy provides for her in another parish in a bid for her to mend her wanton ways.Jenny Jones, a servant in the household of the local schoolmaster. Squire Allworthy brings Jenny in to question her, and she admits that she was the one who put Tom in the squire's bed. She absolutely refuses to say who Tom's father is, though.Squire Allworthy gives Jenny Jones some money so that she can move away and escape her bad reputation in the area. The rest of the village assumes that, because Squire Allworthy didn't send Jenny to jail for giving birth to a baby outside of marriage (seriously), he has to be the biological father. (It's a shame this book takes place a long time before paternity tests.)
It is later revealed that Jenny was paid to confess to being the mother of the child to protect the honor of Miss Bridget Allworthy.

[6] Mrs. Miller 

Kind and benevolent lady with whom Tom and Partridge take rooms in London. Mother of Nancy Miller and cousin of Mr Anderson, the failed highwayman. Mrs. Miller's support of Tom is crucial towards his success. Also owes Allworthy for having helped her earlier in life.

[7] Miss Betty Miller

pre-adolescent daughter of Mrs Miller.

[8] Miss Nancy Miller 

Mrs. Miller's daughter. A sweet girl who falls in love with Nightingale, and has his baby. They ultimately marry.

[9] Mrs.  Partridge 

A bitter and jealous woman, Mrs Partridge attacks her husband when she thinks he is the father of Jenny Jones's child. She then accuses him of beating her, which helps to ruin his reputation.

[10 ] Miss Molly 

Daughter of Black George, Molly is the first girl to whom Tom is attracted. She is a beautiful and passionate girl who has little modesty or virtue. When she becomes pregnant, Tom admits to being the father and she is happy to sustain this pretense even though it is untrue.

[11] Mrs. western 

Squire Western's unmarried sister, who wrongly believes herself to "know the World" (both international and national politics and social mores).Squire Western's sister Mrs. Western is visiting the estate. She realizes that Sophia is in love, but she gets the love object really, really wrong: she thinks her niece wants to marry Mr. Blifil. She passes this idea on to Squire Western, and he gets really excited. If Sophia marries Mr. Blifil, not only will she make a ton of money (since Mr. Blifil is Squire Allworthy's heir, and Squire Allworthy is super-rich) but she will also wind up settling next door to her dear father. As soon as Mr. Blifil hears of this potential marriage, he quickly gets on board: Sophia is rich, and Mr. Blifil likes that in a girl.Mrs. Western has finally found out that Sophia loves Tom instead of Mr. Blifil, so she tells her brother the true state of Sophia's feelings. Squire Western decides that he violently hates Tom, and goes to Squire Allworthy to read him the riot act.

[12] Miss Deborah willikins : brideget's servant.

 Thank you................ 

Assignment of characters of Eve ,Adam and satan

Name : Divya d Vaghela
Course : M. A (sem – 1)
Batch : 2018-20
Roll no : 08
Enrollment no : 2069108420190044
Email ID : vaghela.divya230@gmail.com
Paper no : 1 The Renaissance Literature
Topic :character of Eve, Adam and Satan
Submitted to : MKBU Department of English


Introduction  Of Paradise lost : 

Paradise lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th century  English poet John Milton. The first version published in 1667,consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674,arranged into twelve books with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. Many scholars consider paradise lost to be one of the greatest poems in the English language. It tells the biblical story of the fall of Man. In paradise lost we find something different than biblical story.

Paradise lost is about Adam and Eve-how they came to be created and how they came to lose their place in the Garden of Eden. Paradise lost : Book 1 :by John Milton of Man’s first Disobedience, and the fruit of that forbidden Tree. Book 9 is the climax of the story of paradise lost.

Milton's purpose stated in book 1 is :
     " To tell about the fall of Man and justify God's way to Man " 

Now let’s talk about characters :

 Major characters of paradise lost
 God
 Eve
 Adam
 Satan
 Son of God

Now here I am discuss about three
major characters in this epic poem.

[1]  Character of Eve :

          Eve is the first woman created by God. Milton has presented character of Eve in a somedifferent way than Bible. Eve is physically more attractive than Adam. Hence, Satan overcome by her beauty but she is not as strong  physically or intectually as Adam and she seduced by Satan and eats the fruit of the tree of knowledge.
         “But if this tree we may not taste nor touch, God so commanded, and left that command sole daughter of his voice: the rest, we live law to ourselves; our reason is our law”?
         
             Eve is the most important character first she wants to become more knowledgeable than Adam so she decides that not to tell about this fruit to Adam but, after she become afraid that if God will angry about her this act and curse her for her disobedience then Adam will remain and she decides to tell about it to Adam and temps him also but when Adam makes some argument about this forbidden fruit at that time she says;
      “This tree is not, as we are told, a tree if danger tasted, not to evil unknown opening the way, but if Devine effect to open eyes, and make them Gods Wh
o taste; And hath been tasted such”.

She deserves all praise for beauty and she is beloved of Adam. Milton has portrayed weakness of women through the character of Eve. Milton has portrayed Eve weaker than Adam. She easily tempted by Satan. She is superior than Adam only in her beauty. Eve is certainly not a feminist heroine. Eve, the mother of mankind is portrayed by Milton as of a typical womanish nature..... The character of Eve is symbolical on several layers of meaning. At first she is a woman created inferior to her male partner.In paradise lost Eve is quite different then the Eve of Bible.Milton's Eve was rebellious ,intellect and also speak with arguments. We finds Eve's argument are more stronger and also shows her intellect  ;
              " How are we happy, still in fear of harm?
But harm precedes not sin: only our Foe
Tempting affronts us with his foul esteem "
Here we find that when Adam says be careful God has said that Satan will come to harm us as well as she also talking about happiness so Eve argues  against Adam .

[2] Character of Adam 

Adam is the name used in the opening chapters of the book of genesis and in the Quran for the first man created by God, but it is also used in a collective sense as "mankind " and individually  as a human. Adam is a strong, intelligent and rational character possessed of a remarkable relationship with God. Intact, before the fall, he is as perfect as a human being can be. He has an enormous capacity for reason, and can understand the most sophisticated ideas instantly. Adam does not want to hurt Eve's feeling.Always Adam shows the proper respect and relationship in graceful speech and manners. After when Eve comes to Adam and force him to eat fruit at that time also Adam makes argument with Eve and feels grief for their separation.
“ she gave him of that fair enticing fruit
With liberal hand. He scrupled not to eat,
Against his better knowledge not deceived.”
   
But then Adam becomes emotional with her charm and eats the fruit of the tree of knowledge because he bear to be without Eve. He understands Eve's sin in eating the apple, but he ignores his love and desire for Eve. When Adam tells Raphael that Eve's beauty affects him so much.

       “ That what she wills to do or say,
Seems wisest, virtuosest, discreetest, best;”
But Raphael warns Adam that this attitude toward Eve is not proper and that Satan could use it to tempt the humans. At the end Adam's attitude toward Eve leads directly to his fall. If I want to say that instead of being emotional with Eve's argument and it is not necessary for him to eat a fruit. Due to his this mistake his falls happens. We find Adam's argument with Eve ;
“best are all things as the will of God ordained them; his creating hand nothing imperfect or deficient left of all that he created much less man, or aught that might his happy state secure, secure from outward force, within himself the danger lies yet lies within his power; against his will he can receive no harm.But God left free the will; for what obeys reason is free; and reason he made right?”
There is one more argument do Adam with Eve,
"However, I with thee have fixed my lot,Certain to undergo like doom. If death Consort with thee, death is to me as life;So forcible within my heart I feel The bond of Nature draw me to my own—My own is thee; for what thou art is mine.Our state cannot be severed; we are one,One flesh; to lose thee were to lose myself."?
Before the fall, Adam is as nearly perfect a human being as can be imagined. He is physically attractive, meutally adept and spiritually profound. He stands out in Eden as the apex of the hierarchical pyramid. Only Eve can compare to him, and she only in physical beauty. The conversation between Adam and Eve before book x are modes of civilized discourse. These conversations are difficult to imagine as real, but they reflect the nature of two humans.Adam's and humanity's values are reflected in his attitude which is revealed through his speech-to  Eve, to Raphael and to God. In each instance when Adam speaks, he shows the proper relationship to the being with whom he converses. While he is superior to Everything and inferior to Raphael and God, there is still no hint of haughtiness in his discussion with Eve or of subservience in his talks with the Angel and God. Always Adam shows the proper respect and relationship in graceful speech and manners.

[3] Character of Satan : 

Probably the most famous quote about paradise lost is William Blake's statement that Milton was "of the Devil's party without knowing it ". While Blake may have meant something other than what is generally understood from this quotation, the idea that Satan is the hero, or at least a type of hero, in paradise lost is widespread. However, the progression, or, more precisely, regression, of Satan's character from book I through book xII gives a much different and much clearer picture of Milton's attitude toward Satan. Writers and critics of the Romantic era advanced the notion that Satan was a promethean hero, putting himself against an unjust God. Most of these writers based their ideas on the picture of Satan in the first two books of paradise lost. In those books, Satan rises off the lake of fire and delivers his heroic speech still challenging God. Satan tells the other rebels that they can make " A Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n " (I, 255) and adds, " Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heav'n(I, 263) Satan also calls for and leads the grand council. Finally, he goes forth on his own to cross chaos and find Earth. Without question this picture of Satan makes him heroic in his initial introduction to the reader.

In essence then, Milton's grand poetic style sets Satan up as heroic in Books I and II. The presentation of Satan makes him seen greater than he actually is and initially draws the reader to Satan's viewpoint. Further, because all of the other characters in the poem - Adam, Eve, God,  the son, the angels - are essentially types rather than characters. Milton spends more artistic energy on the development of Satan so that throughout the poem, Satan's character maintains the Reader's interest and perhaps, sympathy at least to an extent.

No matter how brilliantly Milton created the character of Satan, the chief demon cannot be the hero of the poem. For Milton, Satan is the enemy who chooses to commit an act that goes against the basic laws of God, that challenges the very nature of the universe. Satan attempts to destroy the hierarchy or Heaven through his rebellion. Satan commits this act not because  he wants what he wants rather than what God wants. Satan is an egoist. His interests always turn on his personal desires. Unlike Adam, who discusses a multiplicity of subjects with Raphael. Rarely mentioning his own desires, Satan sees everything in terms of what will happen to him. A true Promethean / romantic hero has to rebel against an unjust tyranny in an attempt to right a wrong or help someone less fortunate. If satan had been Prometheus. He would have stolen fire to warn himself, not to help mankind.
Here is dialogue which was spoken by Satan;
"But what will not ambition and revenge Descend to? Who aspires must down as low As high he soared, obnoxious, first or last,To basest things. Revenge, at first though sweet,Bitter ere long back on itself recoils.Let it; I reck not, so it light well aimed,Since higher I fall short, on him who next Provokes my envy, this new favourite Of Heaven, this Man of Clay, son of despite,Whom, us the more to spite, his Maker raised From dust: spite then with spite is best repaid."
One more argument which Satan is doing with Eve ;

"Queen of this Universe! do not believe Those rigid threats of death. Ye shall not die.How should ye? By the Fruit? it gives you life To knowledge. By the Threatener? look on me,Me who have touched and tasted, yet both live,And life more perfect have attained than Fate Meant me, by venturing higher than my lot."?

Satan, also known as the Devil, is an entity in the Abrahamic religions that seduces human into sin or falsehood. Though Satan is described by some as the hero of paradise lost, two things argue against Satan as hero, though Milton does make him sympathetic by endowing him with feelings of remorsefulness with pity and compassion for his rebel angels. Satan head of the rebellious angels who have just fallen from Heaven. As the poem's antagonist, Satan is the originator of sin - the first to be ungrateful for God the father's blessings. He embarks on a mission to Earth that eventually leads to the fall of Adam and Eve, but also worsens his eternal punishment. His character changes throughout the poem. Satan often appears to speak rationally and persuasively, but later in the poem we see the inconsistency and irrationally of his thoughts. He can assume any form, adopting both glorious and humble shapes. Satan's status as a protagonist in the epic poem is debated. Milton characterizes him as such, but Satan lacks several key traits that would otherwise make him the definitive protagonist in the work.

Thank you................. 

Thinking Activity on Wordsworth's preface to lyrical ballads

Preface to lyrical ballads by William Wordsworth .

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 - 23 April 1850) was a major English romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the romantic age in English literature with their joint publication lyrical ballads (1798) . the year 1793 saw the first publication of poems by Wordsworth, in the collections an evening walk and descriptive sketches. in 1795 he received a legacy of 900 pounds from Raisley calvert and became able to pursue a career as a poet.

Here Is my answer,

[1] what is the basic difference between the poetic creed of " classicism " and " Romanticism " ?

We can say that classicism and romanticism are two ideologies. Romantic poet believe in subjectivity and classical poet believe in objectivity. Romanticist believe in imagination and they were free from rules and regulations. They represent rustic life ,life of common people. It may be something more than the school of thoughts and ideologies. Classicism believe in intellect, they followed rules and regulations .They present urban life.

[2] What is poetic diction ?which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth in his preface? 

Poetic diction means the language used in poetry. According to Wordsworth, language of poetry should be " really used by men " .words used in everyday life gives a rough framework of the poetry, but if a poet is inspired then his imagination might be a disturbance to the use of language used by common people.

[3 ] why does Wordsworth says what is poet?  Rather who is poet. 

Every human passes through good and bad experience, but everyone cannot express it in form of poetry. A poet connects the readers with his emotion as well as his imagination. He builds a lively image of an experience. Rather than who is he is, what he is matters, his characteristic matters. This what makes him different from others. 

[4] What is poetry? 

Poetry is to teach Moral lesson with a feeling of delight. It is to give instruction and delight by connecting people with the poet and his imagination .

Poetry is an art,Wordsworth's gives very famous Defination "poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling; it takes its origin from emotions recollected in tranquility".a poet writes about his imagination, feeling, emotion of his life in poetry.

[ 5] Discuss - Daffodils " I wandered as a lonely cloud.. " with reference  to Wordsworth poetic creed .

" I wandered as a lonely cloud..." Daffodils Is the best example of Wordsworth's defination of poetry. Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of a powerful feeling, recollected in tranquality. Many time, we capture beauty of nature by our eyes, but we cannot recollect and express that delight in tranquality. Wordsworth does this amazingly. He enjoys the nature and represents it beautifully. We can say nature is At it's best In this poetry. Delight of a particular moment and it's memory are represented all together. 

Thank you........ 

Thinking Activity on Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge : 

 •  After discusson on Coleridge's biographia literaria we had  a task to give our point of view or our understanding about it.

~  Biographia Literaria by S.T.Coleridge is a great literary work.

 Coleridge’s written critical work is contained in 24 chapters of Biographia Literaria (1815-17). In chapter XIV of Biographia Literaria, Coleridge has discussed his view on nature and function of poetry, and difference between poem and poetry. Difference between prose and poem also.
Coleridge was to deal with ' persons and character super natural'. As we all know that Wordsworth and Coleridge are romantic poet but we find many differences between both of them. Both had different on their point of view about poetic diction.
Here two questions from Coleridge’s Biographia Literaria and we should give
answer about this two questions.

[ 1 ] Difference between poem and poetry.

poetry and poem are part of literature and the purpose of literary work is providing information, Pleasure, entertainment and inspiration to people. I think poetry and poem are same, it means it is some hard work to find differences between poetry and poem. If different meaning can be in one Poem its understanding it should be poetry. Poetry is the process of creating a poem. Poem and poetry are piece of writing. Poem is the arrangement of words and it expresses writer’s thought and feelings to readers and also speak about the mood of happy or sad.
Poem means within few words we get a lot. It means according to my point of view poem may be shorter than poetry. It has not longer contain. Poem with rhyme and without rhyme also. So I want to say that it not means that without rhyme poem can not make. Poetry is also form of art.

“Poetry sews the characters and the poem show you the story or message”. Poetry is the collection of poem and poem is single work in that collection.

[2] Difference between Poem and prose.

According to Coleridge poem contains the elements as a prose composition. Poem and prose both uses words. Poem also may be in prosic composition but, rhyme or meter or both is used in poem but, it is not used in prose composition. Poem provides pleasure it means it’s purpose is to provide pleasure to readers and listeners. Poem also becomes prose and prose also becomes poem. Language of poetry may be metaphorical and due to this language poetry differs than prose. In prose some specific meaning and we can’t change it’s meaning. I mean we can interpret meaning of poem with our point of view or what we can understand from poem but, it is not happen in prose. Language of prose may be clear and so we can’t change it’s meaning. Prose used by literary writers and used by scientists is different. Language of poem we can change with our interpretation but, prose's language has only one meaning.

Thank you..........

Academic task youth festival 2018

"Aeshvaryam yuva manthan"

Youth festival 2018

We have three days 26th 27th and 28th October youth festival in our MK Bhavnagar University "Aeshvaryam Yuva Manthan" organized by Takshshila institute of science and commerce. So, this blog is a part of task activity given by our professor Dr.Dilip Barad sir in which we have to write on events which we were attended and try to interpret with various literary theories.

Here is the event list which I attended :

1 ) Kala yatra.         

2) poetry recitation 

3) mono acting.         

4)skit.                         

5)one act play.       

6) mime.            

7) skit.              

8) on the spot painting,  collage, installation, Rangoli. 

A month ago, all the students started their preparation for youth festival. There were many rules of youth festival. All the participates got their own identity card.

             I could not attend all events. Because I was presented at our department as a volunteer. Quiz and Essay writing competitions were organised at our department. On 26 October, the first round of Quiz was stared. On 27 October, the final round of quiz and essay writing were organised. The time of final round of quiz was at 9:00 a.m. , but it was postponed due to some problem of electricity. So the final round was began at 11:00 a.m..

[1] Kala yatra : opening ceremony of youth festival begun with Kala Yatra in which various colleges took part and presented their themes. There were total 18 to 19 themes are presented, more than half of themes related to Indian Culture, students gave their hundred percent to impress people through their themes but I liked two themes among them, one about Nine rasa by KPES college because students wonderfully presented nine Rasa with gestures and other is LGBT theme by Shamaldas College in which they gave message about LGBT people, they also a part of our culture so they try to evoke society through their theme.

Then I look western song and I enjoyed a lot it I also feel proud on the group of our department who got the second rank in the youth festival. I also observed that the group of our department has dress code of  'Tri-Ranga'. Orange, white, blue, white, green. I like their dress code.

Mime:

                 This is also an interesting and very difficult form of art. In this art we have to convey our message to audience without any kind of dialogue. It is about your body language and various kinds of gestures and postures. In this event many colleges performed mimes on the theme  of Indian Mythology like Mahabharat, Ramayan and couple of theme on Ashoka. So, somehow the topics of the mimes were traditional but very well presented. I haven't found any modern theme in the mimes mostly connected with myths and common but we feel Catharsis from these arts. I liked its sound system, it is not easy to make gesture along with music. So, it was eye opening mime.

Mono Acting:

                            Mono acting also wonderfully performed by artist. I have seen only three. Monologue is my favorite form in literatures. I like monologues of Dr. Faustus it is evergreen for me, which I have studied in my 1st part of master degree. All three acting somehow criticized patriarchal power and women humiliation in which I liked 3rd acting by my classmate. She performed the role of lady hawker in which she used countryside dialect superbly. In this acting she presented two types of role comic and emotional, audience have felt catharsis through this acting.

One act play :

Jammu & Kashmir, choice of sound and performed along with music also have plus point of that one act play. Yes but many one act play do not follow Aristotelian concept like unity of time, unity of place etc.

On the spot painting, collage, Rangoli 

OK so youth festival is filing to as a very good way

Thank you.......... .